{"introPage":{"showIntroPage":false,"startButtonText":"Start Quiz","introduction":""},"progressType":"textual","passPercentage":90,"questions":[{"params":{"media":{"disableImageZooming":false},"answers":[{"correct":true,"tipsAndFeedback":{"chosenFeedback":"

Correct! Think about the overall argument form here:<\/div>\n\n

<\/div>\n\n

Everyone in category A is in category B. d is in category A. So, d is in category B.<\/strong><\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
This is a valid argument form. But since the Dean of Arts is not enrolled in our couse, the premises aren't all true and the argument is unsound. <\/div>\n","tip":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Valid (only)<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"chosenFeedback":"
This is not a good answer choice--all sound arguments must also be valid. Try again! <\/div>\n","tip":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Sound (only)<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"chosenFeedback":"
<\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
This is <\/em>a valid argument form.<\/div>\n\n
\n
<\/div>\n\n
Everyone in category A is in category B. d is in category A. So, d is in category B.<\/strong><\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n
But since the Dean of Arts is not enrolled in our couse, the premises aren't all true and the argument is unsound. <\/div>\n","tip":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Both valid and sound<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"chosenFeedback":"
Think about the overall argument form here:<\/div>\n\n
\n
<\/div>\n\n
Everyone in category A is in category B. d is in category A. So, d is in category B.<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","tip":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Neither<\/div>\n"}],"overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100}],"behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":true,"enableCheckButton":true,"type":"auto","singlePoint":false,"randomAnswers":false,"showSolutionsRequiresInput":true,"confirmCheckDialog":false,"confirmRetryDialog":false,"autoCheck":false,"passPercentage":100,"showScorePoints":true},"UI":{"checkAnswerButton":"Check","submitAnswerButton":"Submit","showSolutionButton":"Show solution","tryAgainButton":"Retry","tipsLabel":"Show tip","scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points","tipAvailable":"Tip available","feedbackAvailable":"Feedback available","readFeedback":"Read feedback","wrongAnswer":"Wrong answer","correctAnswer":"Correct answer","shouldCheck":"Should have been checked","shouldNotCheck":"Should not have been checked","noInput":"Please answer before viewing the solution","a11yCheck":"Check the answers. The responses will be marked as correct, incorrect, or unanswered.","a11yShowSolution":"Show the solution. The task will be marked with its correct solution.","a11yRetry":"Retry the task. Reset all responses and start the task over again."},"confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"question":"
Everyone enrolled in Rusin\u2019s PP204 this term is discerning. The Dean of Arts is enrolled in Rusin\u2019s PP204 this term. Therefore, the Dean of Arts is discerning.<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.MultiChoice 1.16","metadata":{"contentType":"Multiple Choice","license":"U","title":"Q1 Everyone enrolled..."},"subContentId":"7e873a73-9ae4-467a-b374-61a277b06a62"},{"params":{"media":{"disableImageZooming":false},"answers":[{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"
Think again about the overall argument form here. <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
Everyone in category A is in category B. d is in category B. Therefore, d is in category A. <\/strong><\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
Compare: Everyone who is in our class is at least 17. Joe Biden is at least 17. Therefore, Joe Biden is in our class. <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
This is an invalid argument form! <\/div>\n","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Valid (only)<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"
Remember--an argument that is sound is always also valid, so this is never a good answer choice! <\/div>\n","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Sound (only)<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"
Think again about the overall argument form here. <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
Everyone in category A is in category B. d is in category B. Therefore, d is in category A. <\/strong><\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
Compare: Everyone who is in our class is at least 17. Joe Biden is at least 17. Therefore, Joe Biden is in our class. <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
This is an invalid argument form! <\/div>\n","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"Both valid and sound\n"},{"correct":true,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"
Correct! This is an invalid argument form. And all invalid arguments are automatically also unsound. <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
The basic argument form displayed here is:<\/div>\n\n
\n
<\/div>\n\n
Everyone in category A is in category B. d is in category B. Therefore, d is in category A. <\/strong><\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
Compare: Everyone who is in our class is at least 17. Joe Biden is at least 17. Therefore, Joe Biden is in our class. <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
An invalid argument form! <\/div>\n<\/div>\n","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Neither<\/div>\n"}],"overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100}],"behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":true,"enableCheckButton":true,"type":"auto","singlePoint":false,"randomAnswers":false,"showSolutionsRequiresInput":true,"confirmCheckDialog":false,"confirmRetryDialog":false,"autoCheck":false,"passPercentage":100,"showScorePoints":true},"UI":{"checkAnswerButton":"Check","submitAnswerButton":"Submit","showSolutionButton":"Show solution","tryAgainButton":"Retry","tipsLabel":"Show tip","scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points","tipAvailable":"Tip available","feedbackAvailable":"Feedback available","readFeedback":"Read feedback","wrongAnswer":"Wrong answer","correctAnswer":"Correct answer","shouldCheck":"Should have been checked","shouldNotCheck":"Should not have been checked","noInput":"Please answer before viewing the solution","a11yCheck":"Check the answers. The responses will be marked as correct, incorrect, or unanswered.","a11yShowSolution":"Show the solution. The task will be marked with its correct solution.","a11yRetry":"Retry the task. Reset all responses and start the task over again."},"confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"question":"
Everyone enrolled in Rusin\u2019s PP204 this term is intelligent. The Dean of Arts is intelligent. Therefore, the Dean of Arts is enrolled in Rusin\u2019s PP204 this term.<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.MultiChoice 1.16","metadata":{"contentType":"Multiple Choice","license":"U","title":"Q2 Everyone enrolled in"},"subContentId":"34d7fffd-1b46-4c4e-ac87-55ac9c485477"},{"params":{"media":{"disableImageZooming":false},"answers":[{"correct":true,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"
Correct! This is a valid argument form. <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
Either A or B. Not A. Therefore, B. <\/strong><\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
But since JB isn't always golfing or in jail, premise 1 is false. The argument is unsound. <\/div>\n","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Valid (only)<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"
This is never a good answer choice--all sound arguments must also be valid.  <\/div>\n","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Sound (only)<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"
Ok, so this is a valid argument form. You are correct that it is valid. But to be sound all the premises must be true.<\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
Funny, ha ha, but not actually true that Joe Biden is always either golfing or in jail. I've seen credible reports of him having dinner (not in jail, and not on the links) with Jill Biden, and with Modi. So premise 1 is false. The argument is unsound. <\/div>\n","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Both valid and sound<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"
Carefully consider the overall argument form here. <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
Either A or B. Not A. Therefore B. <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
If <\/em>we accept the premises, or temporarily assume them, it does seem like we therefore must accept the conclusion. Valid argument form. So any substitution instance into this general argument form is valid. <\/div>\n","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Neither <\/div>\n"}],"overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100}],"behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":false,"enableCheckButton":true,"type":"auto","singlePoint":false,"randomAnswers":false,"showSolutionsRequiresInput":true,"confirmCheckDialog":false,"confirmRetryDialog":false,"autoCheck":false,"passPercentage":100,"showScorePoints":true},"UI":{"checkAnswerButton":"Check","submitAnswerButton":"Submit","showSolutionButton":"Show solution","tryAgainButton":"Retry","tipsLabel":"Show tip","scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points","tipAvailable":"Tip available","feedbackAvailable":"Feedback available","readFeedback":"Read feedback","wrongAnswer":"Wrong answer","correctAnswer":"Correct answer","shouldCheck":"Should have been checked","shouldNotCheck":"Should not have been checked","noInput":"Please answer before viewing the solution","a11yCheck":"Check the answers. The responses will be marked as correct, incorrect, or unanswered.","a11yShowSolution":"Show the solution. The task will be marked with its correct solution.","a11yRetry":"Retry the task. Reset all responses and start the task over again."},"confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"question":"
Joe Biden is (always) either golfing or in jail. Joe Biden is not now golfing. So, Joe Biden is now in jail. <\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.MultiChoice 1.16","metadata":{"contentType":"Multiple Choice","license":"U","title":"JB is always either"},"subContentId":"1b403c89-b2db-440c-9e99-e1243648884c"},{"params":{"media":{"disableImageZooming":false},"answers":[{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"chosenFeedback":"
Read slowly and carefully consider the argument's general form. <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
There are two ways to think about its form. <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
First way: <\/strong><\/div>\n\n
If j is in category A, j is in category B. <\/strong><\/div>\n\n
j is in category B. So, j is in category A. <\/strong><\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
More generally:    If A, then B. B. Therefore, A. <\/strong><\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
Either way, this is an invalid argument form. <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
Compare: If George is a puppy, George is a dog. George is a dog. Therefore, George is a puppy. <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
Or: If someone is in our logic class, they are at least 17. Joe Biden is at least 17. So, Joe Biden is in our logic class. <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
Invalid argument form! <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n","tip":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Valid (only)<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"chosenFeedback":"
Never a good answer choice--all sound arguments are also valid. <\/div>\n","tip":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Sound (only)<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"chosenFeedback":"
Reconsider the overall argument form. <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
\n
There are two ways to think about its form. <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
First way: <\/strong><\/div>\n\n
If j is in category A, j is in category B. <\/strong><\/div>\n\n
j is in category B. So, j is in category A. <\/strong><\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
More generally:    If A, then B. B. Therefore, A. <\/strong><\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
Either way, this is an invalid argument form. <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
Compare: If George is a puppy, George is a dog. George is a dog. Therefore, George is a puppy. <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
Or: If someone is in our logic class, they are at least 17. Joe Biden is at least 17. So, Joe Biden is in our logic class. <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
Invalid argument form! <\/div>\n<\/div>\n","tip":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Both valid and sound<\/div>\n"},{"correct":true,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"
Correct! This is an invalid argument form. So the argument is also automatically unsound. <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
\n
There are two ways to think about its form. <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
First way: <\/strong><\/div>\n\n
If j is in category A, j is in category B. <\/strong><\/div>\n\n
j is in category B. So, j is in category A. <\/strong><\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
More generally:    If A, then B. B. Therefore, A. <\/strong><\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
Either way, this is an invalid argument form. <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
Compare: If George is a puppy, George is a dog. George is a dog. Therefore, George is a puppy. <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
Or: If someone is in our logic class, they are at least 17. Joe Biden is at least 17. So, Joe Biden is in our logic class. <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
Invalid argument form! <\/div>\n<\/div>\n","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Neither<\/div>\n"}],"overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100}],"behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":false,"enableCheckButton":true,"type":"auto","singlePoint":false,"randomAnswers":false,"showSolutionsRequiresInput":true,"confirmCheckDialog":false,"confirmRetryDialog":false,"autoCheck":false,"passPercentage":100,"showScorePoints":true},"UI":{"checkAnswerButton":"Check","submitAnswerButton":"Submit","showSolutionButton":"Show solution","tryAgainButton":"Retry","tipsLabel":"Show tip","scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points","tipAvailable":"Tip available","feedbackAvailable":"Feedback available","readFeedback":"Read feedback","wrongAnswer":"Wrong answer","correctAnswer":"Correct answer","shouldCheck":"Should have been checked","shouldNotCheck":"Should not have been checked","noInput":"Please answer before viewing the solution","a11yCheck":"Check the answers. The responses will be marked as correct, incorrect, or unanswered.","a11yShowSolution":"Show the solution. The task will be marked with its correct solution.","a11yRetry":"Retry the task. Reset all responses and start the task over again."},"confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"question":"
If Jill is President of the US, Jill is over 35. Jill is over 35. So, Jill is President of the US. <\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.MultiChoice 1.16","metadata":{"contentType":"Multiple Choice","license":"U","title":"Q4 If Jill is President"},"subContentId":"d223915f-bffd-4fb3-bd67-873be446e8a2"},{"params":{"media":{"disableImageZooming":false},"answers":[{"correct":true,"tipsAndFeedback":{"chosenFeedback":"
Correct! The overall argument form is valid:<\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
If A then B. <\/strong><\/div>\n\n
A.<\/strong><\/div>\n\n
So, B. <\/strong><\/div>\n\n
All instances of this form are valid. So don't worry about, abstract away from any weird categories or false premises-- if it's this form, it's a valid argument. <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
If George ogles, George bogles. <\/div>\n\n
George ogles. <\/div>\n\n
Therefore, George bogles. <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
Valid. Because if<\/em> we accept the truth of the first two premises, the conclusion must also be true. Validity assesses the logical relationship <\/em>between premises and conclusion. The conclusion is a logical consequence<\/strong> of this set of premises so it's a valid <\/strong>argument. <\/div>\n","tip":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Valid<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"
Carefully consider the overall argument form here and try again! <\/div>\n","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Invalid<\/div>\n"}],"overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100}],"behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":false,"enableCheckButton":true,"type":"auto","singlePoint":false,"randomAnswers":false,"showSolutionsRequiresInput":true,"confirmCheckDialog":false,"confirmRetryDialog":false,"autoCheck":false,"passPercentage":100,"showScorePoints":true},"UI":{"checkAnswerButton":"Check","submitAnswerButton":"Submit","showSolutionButton":"Show solution","tryAgainButton":"Retry","tipsLabel":"Show tip","scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points","tipAvailable":"Tip available","feedbackAvailable":"Feedback available","readFeedback":"Read feedback","wrongAnswer":"Wrong answer","correctAnswer":"Correct answer","shouldCheck":"Should have been checked","shouldNotCheck":"Should not have been checked","noInput":"Please answer before viewing the solution","a11yCheck":"Check the answers. The responses will be marked as correct, incorrect, or unanswered.","a11yShowSolution":"Show the solution. The task will be marked with its correct solution.","a11yRetry":"Retry the task. Reset all responses and start the task over again."},"confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"question":"
If Jill is a professor, then Jill has a PhD. Jill is a professor. So, Jill has a PhD.<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.MultiChoice 1.16","metadata":{"contentType":"Multiple Choice","license":"U","title":"If Jill is a prof"},"subContentId":"9b52ca76-f8e5-46ad-9677-b83779032a33"},{"params":{"media":{"disableImageZooming":false},"answers":[{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Valid (only)<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"chosenFeedback":"
This is never a good answer choice-- all sound arguments must also be valid.<\/div>\n","tip":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Sound (only)<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"chosenFeedback":"
Carefully consider the overall form of argument here. Is this overall argument form a valid or invalid argument form?<\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
Remember this example and compare its form to this Q:  <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
If someone is in our logic class, they are at least 17. Joe Biden is at least 17. So, Joe Biden is in our logic class. <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
If A, then B. B. So, A. <\/strong><\/div>\n\n
INVALID argument form! <\/div>\n","tip":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Both valid and sound<\/div>\n"},{"correct":true,"tipsAndFeedback":{"chosenFeedback":"
Correct! This is a classic invalid argument form:<\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
If A then B.<\/strong><\/div>\n\n
B.<\/strong><\/div>\n\n
Therefore, A. <\/strong><\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
And since the argument is invalid, it is automatically also unsound. <\/div>\n","tip":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Neither<\/div>\n"}],"overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100}],"behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":false,"enableCheckButton":true,"type":"auto","singlePoint":false,"randomAnswers":false,"showSolutionsRequiresInput":true,"confirmCheckDialog":false,"confirmRetryDialog":false,"autoCheck":false,"passPercentage":100,"showScorePoints":true},"UI":{"checkAnswerButton":"Check","submitAnswerButton":"Submit","showSolutionButton":"Show solution","tryAgainButton":"Retry","tipsLabel":"Show tip","scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points","tipAvailable":"Tip available","feedbackAvailable":"Feedback available","readFeedback":"Read feedback","wrongAnswer":"Wrong answer","correctAnswer":"Correct answer","shouldCheck":"Should have been checked","shouldNotCheck":"Should not have been checked","noInput":"Please answer before viewing the solution","a11yCheck":"Check the answers. The responses will be marked as correct, incorrect, or unanswered.","a11yShowSolution":"Show the solution. The task will be marked with its correct solution.","a11yRetry":"Retry the task. Reset all responses and start the task over again."},"confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"question":"
If Jill is a professor, then Jill has a PhD. Jill has a PhD. So, Jill is a professor. <\/p>\n\n
<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.MultiChoice 1.16","metadata":{"contentType":"Multiple Choice","license":"U","title":"If Jill is a prof part 2"},"subContentId":"c0ddb34e-7ac5-47bc-bf4d-546226dd9324"},{"params":{"media":{"disableImageZooming":false},"answers":[{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"
Did I throw you by only asking about soundness? Who the heck is George? <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
George is my cat, and he doesn't have 300 million followers. <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
But all you have to know to answer this question is that this is an invalid argument<\/strong>. All invalid arguments are automatically unsound! You don't have to know anything about George! <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Sound<\/div>\n"},{"correct":true,"tipsAndFeedback":{"chosenFeedback":"
Right! Since this is an invalid argument, it is automatically unsound. We don't have to know anything about George to know this is an unsound argument. <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
By now I hope you recognized that it was this invalid argument form:<\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
If A, then B.<\/strong><\/div>\n\n
B.<\/strong><\/div>\n\n
Therefore, A. <\/strong><\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n","tip":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Unsound<\/div>\n"}],"overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100}],"behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":true,"enableCheckButton":true,"type":"auto","singlePoint":false,"randomAnswers":true,"showSolutionsRequiresInput":true,"confirmCheckDialog":false,"confirmRetryDialog":false,"autoCheck":false,"passPercentage":100,"showScorePoints":true},"UI":{"checkAnswerButton":"Check","submitAnswerButton":"Submit","showSolutionButton":"Show solution","tryAgainButton":"Retry","tipsLabel":"Show tip","scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points","tipAvailable":"Tip available","feedbackAvailable":"Feedback available","readFeedback":"Read feedback","wrongAnswer":"Wrong answer","correctAnswer":"Correct answer","shouldCheck":"Should have been checked","shouldNotCheck":"Should not have been checked","noInput":"Please answer before viewing the solution","a11yCheck":"Check the answers. The responses will be marked as correct, incorrect, or unanswered.","a11yShowSolution":"Show the solution. The task will be marked with its correct solution.","a11yRetry":"Retry the task. Reset all responses and start the task over again."},"confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"question":"
If George has 300 million followers, then George is rich. George is rich. So, George has 300 million followers. <\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.MultiChoice 1.16","metadata":{"contentType":"Multiple Choice","license":"U","title":"If George has 300 million"},"subContentId":"da4a3fa4-8dbe-4020-939a-fc1c9e12e576"},{"params":{"media":{"disableImageZooming":false},"answers":[{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"chosenFeedback":"
The argument might be reasonable, but is it deductively valid? What is our defintion of validity? Could there be a counterexample world or scenario? <\/div>\n","tip":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Valid (only)<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"chosenFeedback":"
This is never a good answer choice because all sound arguments must also be valid arguments. <\/div>\n","tip":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Sound (only)<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"chosenFeedback":"
The argument might be reasonable, but is it deductively valid? What is our defintion of validity? Could there be a counterexample world or scenario? <\/div>\n","tip":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Both valid and sound<\/div>\n"},{"correct":true,"tipsAndFeedback":{"chosenFeedback":"
Correct! Though this seems like an inductively strong argument--the premises are plausible and do give support to the conclusion-- it is not a deductively valid argument. And all invalid arguments are also unsound. <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
Why isn't it valid? Remember our definition of validity.<\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
If an argument is valid:<\/div>\n\n
Anytime the premises are true, the conclusion MUST be true. It is IMPOSSIBLE --logically impossible-- for there to be a case, possible world or scenario where all the premises are true but the conclusion false. <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
And this isn't the case with this argument. We can imagine a possible world where the premises are true, but the conclusion false. It's not logically impossible. Suppose Elon Musk decides to seed the clouds in Stratford next summer, creates a snow machine from space lasers. In such a world, it is at least logically possible for it to snow in August, even if we accept or assume the truth of the premises here. <\/div>\n","notChosenFeedback":"","tip":""},"text":"
Neither valid nor sound<\/div>\n"}],"overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100}],"behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":false,"enableCheckButton":true,"type":"auto","singlePoint":false,"randomAnswers":false,"showSolutionsRequiresInput":true,"confirmCheckDialog":false,"confirmRetryDialog":false,"autoCheck":false,"passPercentage":100,"showScorePoints":true},"UI":{"checkAnswerButton":"Check","submitAnswerButton":"Submit","showSolutionButton":"Show solution","tryAgainButton":"Retry","tipsLabel":"Show tip","scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points","tipAvailable":"Tip available","feedbackAvailable":"Feedback available","readFeedback":"Read feedback","wrongAnswer":"Wrong answer","correctAnswer":"Correct answer","shouldCheck":"Should have been checked","shouldNotCheck":"Should not have been checked","noInput":"Please answer before viewing the solution","a11yCheck":"Check the answers. The responses will be marked as correct, incorrect, or unanswered.","a11yShowSolution":"Show the solution. The task will be marked with its correct solution.","a11yRetry":"Retry the task. Reset all responses and start the task over again."},"confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"question":"
It hasn\u2019t snowed in Stratford in August in 20 years. Global warming is making summers hotter. So, it won\u2019t snow next August in Stratford. <\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.MultiChoice 1.16","metadata":{"contentType":"Multiple Choice","license":"U","title":"It hasn't snowed"},"subContentId":"33af5aef-0888-472b-9987-574c41e77842"},{"params":{"media":{"disableImageZooming":false},"answers":[{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"
Think carefully about this argument form! Forget about cats and the way the world is and just think about categories for a second. <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
Some blarbs are A. Some blarbs are B. So, some blarbs are both A and B. <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
Is this valid? Not sure? Keep reading: <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
Some people are short. Some people are tall. So, some people are both short and tall. <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
Some people are vicious liars. Some people are scrupulously honest. So, some people are both vicious lairs and scrupulously honest. <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
Valid or invalid?  <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
Think about our definition of validity-- in all possible worlds, cases or circumstances, anytime the premises are true the conclusion MUST also be true. <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
Now go back to cats: in a world with (at least) some orange cats and at least some smart cats, must there be smart orange cats? <\/div>\n","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Valid (only)<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"tip":"","chosenFeedback":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Sound (only)<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"chosenFeedback":"
Think carefully about this argument form! Forget about cats and the way the world is and just think about categories for a second. <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
Some blarbs are A. Some blarbs are B. So, some blarbs are both A and B. <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
Is this valid? Not sure? Keep reading: <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
Some people are short. Some people are tall. So, some people are both short and tall. <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
Some people are vicious liars. Some people are scrupulously honest. So, some people are both vicious lairs and scrupulously honest. <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
Valid or invalid?  <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
Think about our definition of validity-- in all possible worlds, cases or circumstances, anytime the premises are true the conclusion MUST also be true. <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
Now go back to cats: in a world with (at least) some orange cats and at least some smart cats, must there be smart orange cats? <\/div>\n","tip":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Both valid and sound<\/div>\n"},{"correct":true,"tipsAndFeedback":{"chosenFeedback":"
Correct!<\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
\n
Our definition of validity requires of a valid argument that in all possible worlds, cases or circumstances, anytime the premises are true the conclusion MUST also be true. <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
In a world with (at least) some orange cats and at least some smart cats, must there be smart orange cats? <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
Nope! It is possible to have a world with some orange cats, some smart cats, but no smart orange cats. Possible, so we have a counterexample world or scenario. The argument is invalid! <\/div>\n<\/div>\n","tip":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Neither valid nor sound<\/div>\n"}],"overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100}],"behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":false,"enableCheckButton":true,"type":"auto","singlePoint":false,"randomAnswers":false,"showSolutionsRequiresInput":true,"confirmCheckDialog":false,"confirmRetryDialog":false,"autoCheck":false,"passPercentage":100,"showScorePoints":true},"UI":{"checkAnswerButton":"Check","submitAnswerButton":"Submit","showSolutionButton":"Show solution","tryAgainButton":"Retry","tipsLabel":"Show tip","scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points","tipAvailable":"Tip available","feedbackAvailable":"Feedback available","readFeedback":"Read feedback","wrongAnswer":"Wrong answer","correctAnswer":"Correct answer","shouldCheck":"Should have been checked","shouldNotCheck":"Should not have been checked","noInput":"Please answer before viewing the solution","a11yCheck":"Check the answers. The responses will be marked as correct, incorrect, or unanswered.","a11yShowSolution":"Show the solution. The task will be marked with its correct solution.","a11yRetry":"Retry the task. Reset all responses and start the task over again."},"confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"question":"
Some cats are orange. Some cats are smart. So, some cats are both orange and smart. <\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.MultiChoice 1.16","metadata":{"contentType":"Multiple Choice","license":"U","title":"Some cats are orange"},"subContentId":"9111dc6a-1b2f-4dc5-b888-29014e41b49d"},{"params":{"media":{"disableImageZooming":false},"answers":[{"correct":true,"tipsAndFeedback":{"chosenFeedback":"
Correct! If ALL cats are orange and there are at least some smart cats, then it follows that some cats are both orange and smart. <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
Apply our definition of validity: assume the premises are true. If they are, MUST it be the case that the conclusion is also true? In all cases, possible worlds or scenarios, if we assume the premises are true, must the conclusion also be true? Or is there a counterexample case?<\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
Here, we have a valid argument. The conclusion is a logical consequence of the premises. Valid argument. <\/div>\n","tip":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Valid<\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"chosenFeedback":"
Try again!  <\/div>\n","tip":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Invalid<\/div>\n"}],"overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100}],"behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":false,"enableCheckButton":true,"type":"auto","singlePoint":false,"randomAnswers":false,"showSolutionsRequiresInput":true,"confirmCheckDialog":false,"confirmRetryDialog":false,"autoCheck":false,"passPercentage":100,"showScorePoints":true},"UI":{"checkAnswerButton":"Check","submitAnswerButton":"Submit","showSolutionButton":"Show solution","tryAgainButton":"Retry","tipsLabel":"Show tip","scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points","tipAvailable":"Tip available","feedbackAvailable":"Feedback available","readFeedback":"Read feedback","wrongAnswer":"Wrong answer","correctAnswer":"Correct answer","shouldCheck":"Should have been checked","shouldNotCheck":"Should not have been checked","noInput":"Please answer before viewing the solution","a11yCheck":"Check the answers. The responses will be marked as correct, incorrect, or unanswered.","a11yShowSolution":"Show the solution. The task will be marked with its correct solution.","a11yRetry":"Retry the task. Reset all responses and start the task over again."},"confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"question":"
All cats are orange. Some cats are smart. So, some cats are both orange and smart. <\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.MultiChoice 1.16","metadata":{"contentType":"Multiple Choice","license":"U","title":"All cats are orange"},"subContentId":"e9ab0f01-d369-4238-8b6c-a419299c262d"},{"params":{"media":{"disableImageZooming":false},"answers":[{"correct":true,"tipsAndFeedback":{"chosenFeedback":"
Right! Don't worry about the weirdness of the argument, just apply the definition of validity. Is the conclusion a logical consequence of the premises? If we assume the premises are true, MUST it also be the case that the conclusion is also true? Here the answer is yes. So we have a valid argument. <\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
Overall form:  <\/div>\n\n
All A are B.<\/strong><\/div>\n\n
All B are C.<\/strong><\/div>\n\n
So, all A are C. <\/strong><\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
Valid argument form. <\/strong><\/div>\n","tip":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Valid <\/div>\n"},{"correct":false,"tipsAndFeedback":{"chosenFeedback":"
Don't worry about how weird this argument is. Think of its overall form:<\/div>\n\n
<\/div>\n\n
\n
All A are B.<\/strong><\/div>\n\n
All B are C.<\/strong><\/div>\n\n
So, all A are C. <\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","tip":"","notChosenFeedback":""},"text":"
Invalid<\/div>\n"}],"overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100}],"behaviour":{"enableRetry":true,"enableSolutionsButton":false,"enableCheckButton":true,"type":"auto","singlePoint":false,"randomAnswers":false,"showSolutionsRequiresInput":true,"confirmCheckDialog":false,"confirmRetryDialog":false,"autoCheck":false,"passPercentage":100,"showScorePoints":true},"UI":{"checkAnswerButton":"Check","submitAnswerButton":"Submit","showSolutionButton":"Show solution","tryAgainButton":"Retry","tipsLabel":"Show tip","scoreBarLabel":"You got :num out of :total points","tipAvailable":"Tip available","feedbackAvailable":"Feedback available","readFeedback":"Read feedback","wrongAnswer":"Wrong answer","correctAnswer":"Correct answer","shouldCheck":"Should have been checked","shouldNotCheck":"Should not have been checked","noInput":"Please answer before viewing the solution","a11yCheck":"Check the answers. The responses will be marked as correct, incorrect, or unanswered.","a11yShowSolution":"Show the solution. The task will be marked with its correct solution.","a11yRetry":"Retry the task. Reset all responses and start the task over again."},"confirmCheck":{"header":"Finish ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to finish ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Finish"},"confirmRetry":{"header":"Retry ?","body":"Are you sure you wish to retry ?","cancelLabel":"Cancel","confirmLabel":"Confirm"},"question":"
All cats are aliens. All aliens are green. So, all cats are green. <\/p>\n\n
<\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.MultiChoice 1.16","metadata":{"contentType":"Multiple Choice","license":"U","title":"All cats are aliens"},"subContentId":"a3528eeb-362a-49e3-8d74-95c906dbcf83"}],"disableBackwardsNavigation":false,"randomQuestions":false,"endGame":{"showResultPage":true,"showSolutionButton":true,"showRetryButton":true,"noResultMessage":"Finished","message":"Great job getting through the practice questions! Bring in any questions you have to class. Take a well earned break. When you're ready, there's more practice available in the text, on carnap.io and in class, and more learning activities on MyLS.","scoreBarLabel":"You got @finals out of @totals points","overallFeedback":[{"from":0,"to":100}],"solutionButtonText":"Show solution","retryButtonText":"Retry","finishButtonText":"Finish","submitButtonText":"Submit","showAnimations":false,"skippable":false,"skipButtonText":"Skip video"},"override":{"checkButton":true},"texts":{"prevButton":"Previous question","nextButton":"Next question","finishButton":"Finish","submitButton":"Submit","textualProgress":"Question: @current of @total questions","jumpToQuestion":"Question %d of %total","questionLabel":"Question","readSpeakerProgress":"Question @current of @total","unansweredText":"Unanswered","answeredText":"Answered","currentQuestionText":"Current question","navigationLabel":"Questions"}}